Advances in medical and surgical care have significantly improved survival rates for individuals with
congenital heart disease (CHD), making adults with CHD the fastest-growing population with chronic cardiac conditions.
As a result, there is increasing emphasis on understanding their long-term brain health, cognition, and mental health.
However, it remains unclear whether cognitive and neurological challenges in later life stem primarily from early
developmental issues or from cumulative brain injury over time, due to a lack of longitudinal neuroimaging and
neurocognitive studies. Identifying risk factors for acquired brain injury is essential to guide preventive interventions
aimed at reducing stroke and cognitive decline throughout life. This study aims to investigate the clinical and
neuroimaging relationships in individuals with complex CHD, examine how these factors evolve over time, and explore
potential sex-related differences.
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